Four color theorem: sage and multiple edges


Implementing, using Sagemath, the algorithm of Kempe reduction and the half Kempe chain color swithing (for Tait coloring), I need to avoid multiple edges and loops … OR I’ll not be able to use functions that need embedding, as for example faces(), is_planar() and others.

Some notes:

kempe-half-cycle-swapping-method-sage-and-multiple-edges